Black Hole or Black Gold? The Impact of Oil and Gas Prices on Indonesia's Public Finances

Indonesia's oil revenues and fuel subsidies dominate the nation's economic policy agenda. This paper estimates the impact of higher international oil prices on the Indonesian government's fiscal position in 2008 and beyond. It analyzes the interactions between government revenues and expenditures, as well as international oil prices, energy subsidies, and inter-governmental transfers. Looking at the impact of oil prices over US$100 per barrel, the paper presents five main findings. First, despite record high oil prices, the government's oil and gas revenues have been decreasing relative to non-oil and gas revenues since 2001. Second, fuel subsides will reach record levels in 2008 while electricity subsidies have been increasing even faster. Third, the paper finds that most of the fuel subsidy that directly benefits households goes to the richest 20 percent. Fourth, even at levels above US$100 per barrel, the government receives more revenues from oil and gas than it spends on energy subsidies. However, due to significant revenue-sharing with sub-national governments, high oil prices are net-negative for the central government, while they create fiscal windfalls for many regions. Finally, the oil sector's positive impact on Indonesia's public finances declines as oil prices rise, because subsidies and other expenditures outgrow oil and gas revenues.

Bibliographic Details

Main Authors:	Agustina, Cut Dian R.D., Arze del Granado, Javier, Bulman, Tim, Fengler, Wolfgang, Ikhsan, Mohamad
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper biblioteca
Language:	English
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2008-09
Subjects:	ACCOUNTING, ALTERNATIVE FUELS, ANECDOTAL EVIDENCE, APPROACH, AUTOMOTIVE DIESEL, AVERAGE PRICE, AVERAGE PRICES, BALANCE, BANK ACCOUNTS, BARREL, BARREL OF OIL, BARRELS PER DAY, BORDER PRICE, BUDGETING, CAPITAL INVESTMENT, CAPITAL INVESTMENTS, CAPITAL STOCK, CARBON, CARBON EMISSIONS, CASH FLOWS, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, COMPETITIVENESS, CONSUMPTION OF FUEL, CONSUMPTION OF PETROLEUM, CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATION, CORPORATE INCOME TAX, COST OF GASOLINE, CRUDE OIL, CRUDE OIL EXPORTS, CRUDE OIL PRICE, CRUDE OIL PRICES, CRUDE OIL PRODUCTION, CRUDE OILS, CRUDE PRICE, CRUDE PRODUCTION, DEBTS, DECENTRALIZATION, DERIVATIVES, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DIESEL, DIESEL CONSUMPTION, DIESEL OIL, DOMESTIC FUEL, DOMESTIC MARKET, DOMESTIC PETROLEUM, DOMESTIC REFINING, EI, ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICITY PRICE, ENERGY ECONOMICS, ENERGY PRICES, ENERGY PRODUCERS, ENERGY PRODUCTION, ENERGY PRODUCTS, EXCHANGE RATE, EXPENDITURE, EXPENDITURES, EXTRACTION, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION, FOREIGN CURRENCY, FUEL, FUEL CONSUMPTION, FUEL DEMAND, FUEL MARKET, FUEL OIL, FUEL PRICE, FUEL PRICES, FUEL PRODUCTS, FUEL TYPE, FUEL TYPES, FUELS, GAS, GAS EXPORTS, GAS FIELDS, GAS LAW, GAS OUTPUT, GAS PRICES, GAS PRODUCTION, GAS RESERVES, GAS SUBSIDY, GASOLINE, GASOLINE CONSUMPTION, GASOLINE DEMAND, GASOLINE PRICES, GOVERNMENT BUDGET, GOVERNMENT BUDGET DEFICIT, GOVERNMENT DEFICIT, GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE, GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES, GOVERNMENT REGULATION, GOVERNMENT REVENUE, GOVERNMENT REVENUES, HIGHER ENERGY CONSUMPTION, HIGHER GAS, HIGHER OIL PRICES, HUMAN CAPITAL, IMPLICIT SUBSIDY, INCOME LEVEL, INCOME LEVELS, INCOME TAX, INFLATIONARY PRESSURES, INTERGOVERNMENTAL TRANSFER, INTERGOVERNMENTAL TRANSFERS, INTERNATIONAL BANK, INTERNATIONAL MARKET, INTERNATIONAL OIL PRICES, KEROSENE, KEROSENE CONSUMPTION, MACROECONOMIC INSTABILITY, MACROECONOMIC STABILITY, MARKET PRICE, MARKET PRICES, MARKET SUPPLY, MILLION BARRELS, MINERAL, MINERAL RESOURCES, MONETARY FUND, NATURAL GAS, NATURAL RESOURCES, NET OIL, OIL, OIL & GAS, OIL AND GAS, OIL COMPANY, OIL EXPORTER, OIL EXPORTS, OIL IMPORTER, OIL IMPORTS, OIL PRICE FLUCTUATIONS, OIL PRICES, OIL PRODUCERS, OIL PRODUCING, OIL PRODUCTION, OIL RECOVERY, OIL RESERVES, OIL REVENUES, OIL SECTOR, OILS, OPPORTUNITY COST, PACIFIC REGION, PERCENT OF PRODUCTION, PERSONAL INCOME, PETROL, PETROLEUM PRICES, PETROLEUM PRODUCT PRICES, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, POWER, PRICE BENCHMARK, PRICE CHANGES, PRICE ELASTICITY, PRICE INCREASE, PRICE INCREASES, PRICE LEVEL, PRICE LIBERALIZATION, PRICE MOVEMENTS, PRICE OF OIL, PRICE SUBSIDIES, PRICE SUBSIDY, PRICING MECHANISM, PRIVATE CONTRACTORS, PRIVATE INVESTORS, PRODUCTION LEVEL, PRODUCTION SHARING CONTRACTS, PRODUCTS MARKET, PROVEN RESERVES, PUBLIC FINANCES, PURCHASING, PURCHASING POWER, REFINED PRODUCTS, REFINERIES, RESERVE, RETAIL, RETAIL PRICE, RETAIL PRICES, RETURNS, ROYALTY, RULE OF LAW, SAFETY NET, SALE, SALES, SMALL BUSINESSES, STREAM, SUBSTITUTE, SUBSTITUTE PRODUCT, SUBSTITUTE PRODUCTS, SUPPLY COST, TAX OBLIGATIONS, TAX RATE, TAX REVENUE, TAX REVENUES, TRANCHE, TREASURY, VOLATILITY, WHOLESALE PRICE, WORLD CRUDE, WORLD ENERGY, WORLD OIL, WORLD OIL PRICES,
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/09/9847980/black-hole-or-black-gold-impact-oil-gas-prices-indonesias-public-finances http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6993
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