Worldwide host associations of the tick genus Ixodes suggest relationships based on environmental sharing rather than on co-phylogenetic events
This study aims to capture how ticks of the genus Ixodes gained their hosts using network constructs. We propose two alternative hypotheses, namely, an ecological background (ticks and hosts sharing environmentally available conditions) and a phylogenetic one, in which both partners co-evolved, adapting to existing environmental conditions after the association took place. We used network constructs linking all the known pairs of associations between each species and stage of ticks with families and orders of hosts. Faith’s phylogenetic diversity was used to evaluate the phylogenetic distance of the hosts of each species and changes occurring in the ontogenetic switch between consecutive stages of each species (or the extent of the changes in phylogenetic diversity of hosts for consecutive stages of the same species). We report highly clustered associations among Ixodes ticks and hosts, supporting the influence of the ecological adaptation and coexistence, demonstrating a lack of strict tick-host coevolution in most cases, except for a few species. Keystone hosts do not exist in the relationships between Ixodes and vertebrates because of the high redundancy of the networks, further supporting an ecological relationship between both types of partners. The ontogenetic switch of hosts is high for species with enough data, which is another potential clue supporting the ecological hypothesis. Other results suggest that the networks displaying tick-host associations are different according to the biogeographical realms. Data for the Afrotropical region reveal a lack of extensive surveys, while results for the Australasian region are suggestive of a mass extinction of vertebrates. The Palearctic network is well developed, with many links demonstrating a highly modular set of relationships. With the obvious exceptions of Ixodes species restricted to one or a few hosts, the results point to an ecological adaptation. Even results on species linked to groups of ticks (such as Ixodes uriae and the pelagic birds or the bat-tick species) are suggestive of a previous action of environmental forces.
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Format: | info:ar-repo/semantics/artículo biblioteca |
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BioMed Central
2023-02-21
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Subjects: | Ixodes, Metastigmata, Análisis Filogenético, Factores Ambientales, Phylogenetic Analysis, Environmental Factors, Hosts, Huéspedes, Garrapatas, Ticks, |
Online Access: | http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12123/14108 https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-022-05641-9 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-022-05641-9 |
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Ixodes Metastigmata Análisis Filogenético Factores Ambientales Phylogenetic Analysis Environmental Factors Hosts Huéspedes Garrapatas Ticks Ixodes Metastigmata Análisis Filogenético Factores Ambientales Phylogenetic Analysis Environmental Factors Hosts Huéspedes Garrapatas Ticks |
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Ixodes Metastigmata Análisis Filogenético Factores Ambientales Phylogenetic Analysis Environmental Factors Hosts Huéspedes Garrapatas Ticks Ixodes Metastigmata Análisis Filogenético Factores Ambientales Phylogenetic Analysis Environmental Factors Hosts Huéspedes Garrapatas Ticks Estrada-Peña, Agustin Guglielmone, Alberto Nava, Santiago Worldwide host associations of the tick genus Ixodes suggest relationships based on environmental sharing rather than on co-phylogenetic events |
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This study aims to capture how ticks of the genus Ixodes gained their hosts using network constructs. We propose two alternative hypotheses, namely, an ecological background (ticks and hosts sharing environmentally available conditions) and a phylogenetic one, in which both partners co-evolved, adapting to existing environmental conditions after the association took place.
We used network constructs linking all the known pairs of associations between each species and stage of ticks with families and orders of hosts. Faith’s phylogenetic diversity was used to evaluate the phylogenetic distance of the hosts of each species and changes occurring in the ontogenetic switch between consecutive stages of each species (or the extent of the changes in phylogenetic diversity of hosts for consecutive stages of the same species).
We report highly clustered associations among Ixodes ticks and hosts, supporting the influence of the ecological adaptation and coexistence, demonstrating a lack of strict tick-host coevolution in most cases, except for a few species. Keystone hosts do not exist in the relationships between Ixodes and vertebrates because of the high redundancy of the networks, further supporting an ecological relationship between both types of partners. The ontogenetic switch of hosts is high for species with enough data, which is another potential clue supporting the ecological hypothesis. Other results suggest that the networks displaying tick-host associations are different according to the biogeographical realms. Data for the Afrotropical region reveal a lack of extensive surveys, while results for the Australasian region are suggestive of a mass extinction of vertebrates. The Palearctic network is well developed, with many links demonstrating a highly modular set of relationships.
With the obvious exceptions of Ixodes species restricted to one or a few hosts, the results point to an ecological adaptation. Even results on species linked to groups of ticks (such as Ixodes uriae and the pelagic birds or the bat-tick species) are suggestive of a previous action of environmental forces. |
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Ixodes Metastigmata Análisis Filogenético Factores Ambientales Phylogenetic Analysis Environmental Factors Hosts Huéspedes Garrapatas Ticks |
author |
Estrada-Peña, Agustin Guglielmone, Alberto Nava, Santiago |
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Estrada-Peña, Agustin Guglielmone, Alberto Nava, Santiago |
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Estrada-Peña, Agustin |
title |
Worldwide host associations of the tick genus Ixodes suggest relationships based on environmental sharing rather than on co-phylogenetic events |
title_short |
Worldwide host associations of the tick genus Ixodes suggest relationships based on environmental sharing rather than on co-phylogenetic events |
title_full |
Worldwide host associations of the tick genus Ixodes suggest relationships based on environmental sharing rather than on co-phylogenetic events |
title_fullStr |
Worldwide host associations of the tick genus Ixodes suggest relationships based on environmental sharing rather than on co-phylogenetic events |
title_full_unstemmed |
Worldwide host associations of the tick genus Ixodes suggest relationships based on environmental sharing rather than on co-phylogenetic events |
title_sort |
worldwide host associations of the tick genus ixodes suggest relationships based on environmental sharing rather than on co-phylogenetic events |
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BioMed Central |
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2023-02-21 |
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http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12123/14108 https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-022-05641-9 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-022-05641-9 |
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AT estradapenaagustin worldwidehostassociationsofthetickgenusixodessuggestrelationshipsbasedonenvironmentalsharingratherthanoncophylogeneticevents AT guglielmonealberto worldwidehostassociationsofthetickgenusixodessuggestrelationshipsbasedonenvironmentalsharingratherthanoncophylogeneticevents AT navasantiago worldwidehostassociationsofthetickgenusixodessuggestrelationshipsbasedonenvironmentalsharingratherthanoncophylogeneticevents |
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oai:localhost:20.500.12123-141082023-03-01T10:28:53Z Worldwide host associations of the tick genus Ixodes suggest relationships based on environmental sharing rather than on co-phylogenetic events Estrada-Peña, Agustin Guglielmone, Alberto Nava, Santiago Ixodes Metastigmata Análisis Filogenético Factores Ambientales Phylogenetic Analysis Environmental Factors Hosts Huéspedes Garrapatas Ticks This study aims to capture how ticks of the genus Ixodes gained their hosts using network constructs. We propose two alternative hypotheses, namely, an ecological background (ticks and hosts sharing environmentally available conditions) and a phylogenetic one, in which both partners co-evolved, adapting to existing environmental conditions after the association took place. We used network constructs linking all the known pairs of associations between each species and stage of ticks with families and orders of hosts. Faith’s phylogenetic diversity was used to evaluate the phylogenetic distance of the hosts of each species and changes occurring in the ontogenetic switch between consecutive stages of each species (or the extent of the changes in phylogenetic diversity of hosts for consecutive stages of the same species). We report highly clustered associations among Ixodes ticks and hosts, supporting the influence of the ecological adaptation and coexistence, demonstrating a lack of strict tick-host coevolution in most cases, except for a few species. Keystone hosts do not exist in the relationships between Ixodes and vertebrates because of the high redundancy of the networks, further supporting an ecological relationship between both types of partners. The ontogenetic switch of hosts is high for species with enough data, which is another potential clue supporting the ecological hypothesis. Other results suggest that the networks displaying tick-host associations are different according to the biogeographical realms. Data for the Afrotropical region reveal a lack of extensive surveys, while results for the Australasian region are suggestive of a mass extinction of vertebrates. The Palearctic network is well developed, with many links demonstrating a highly modular set of relationships. With the obvious exceptions of Ixodes species restricted to one or a few hosts, the results point to an ecological adaptation. Even results on species linked to groups of ticks (such as Ixodes uriae and the pelagic birds or the bat-tick species) are suggestive of a previous action of environmental forces. EEA Rafaela Fil: Estrada-Peña, Agustin. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Health; España Fil: Guglielmone, Alberto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Argentina Fil: Guglielmone, Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Guglielmone, Alberto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IDICAL); Argentina Fil: Nava, Santiago. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Argentina Fil: Nava, Santiago. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Nava, Santiago. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IDICAL); Argentina 2023-03-01T10:23:50Z 2023-03-01T10:23:50Z 2023-02-21 info:ar-repo/semantics/artículo info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12123/14108 https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-022-05641-9 Estrada-Peña, A., Guglielmone, A.A. & Nava, S. Worldwide host associations of the tick genus Ixodes suggest relationships based on environmental sharing rather than on co-phylogenetic events. Parasites Vectors 16, 75 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-022-05641-9 1756-3305 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-022-05641-9 eng info:eu-repograntAgreement/INTA/2019-PE-E5-I109-001/2019-PE-E5-I109-001/AR./Convocatoria: Estudios para el control de enfermedades subtropicales y/o transmitidas por vectores (Tristeza Bovina, Garrapatas, Miasis, Tripanosomiasis, Lengua Azul y la info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) application/pdf BioMed Central Parasites & Vectors 16 : 75 (February 2023) |