Structural Adjustment and Forest Resources : The Impact of World Bank Operations
Over two decades, the World Bank has undertaken many structural adjustment operations with governments of developing countries. During negotiations for structural adjustment loans (SALs), partner governments agree to specific policy reforms, whose implementation becomes a condition for disbursement of SAL funds. Conditionality varies with local circumstances, but generally supports privatization of state enterprises, liberalization of the domestic economy, and openness in international trade. Structural adjustment operations have often been controversial because they are explicitly political. Opposition, or support reflects ideological perspectives, perceptions of who gains, and who loses economically from a SAL, or beliefs about its environmental, and social impacts. Environmental groups express particular concern about SALs' impacts on the rate of deforestation. Debate about adjustment, and deforestation has been fueled largely by anecdotes, and a few country cases bases on limited time-series data. The authors broaden the analysis by combining a complete record of Bank SAL operations, with a 38-year socioeconomic database for 112 developing countries. They find that adjustment has greatly affected imports, exports, consumption, and production in many forest products sectors (such as fuel-wood, sawn-wood, panels, pulp, and paper). Some activities have increased, and some declined, but overall, the effects have balanced each other. The net impact on domestic round-wood production, the authors' proxy for forest exploitation, has been almost exactly zero. Their results suggest that growth in round-wood production is explained well by population growth, urbanization, and world demand for forest products. Their findings suggest that adjustment has not promoted domestic deforestation, but it has increased net imports of wood products, implying some displacement of pressure onto other countries' forest resources. They also find that devaluations have significantly increased the exploitation of forest resources.
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dig-okr-10986196782021-04-23T14:03:43Z Structural Adjustment and Forest Resources : The Impact of World Bank Operations Pandey, Kiran D. Wheeler, David AGRICULTURE ANNUAL OBSERVATIONS BANS BARK BIODIVERSITY BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION CHARCOAL COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK CONDITIONALITY CONSUMPTION LEVELS CONSUMPTION TIME DEBT DEFORESTATION DEVALUATION DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DOMESTIC WOOD DOMESTIC WOOD PROCESSING ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ECONOMIC WELFARE ELASTICITIES ELASTICITY EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPIRICAL RESEARCH EMPLOYMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION EQUATIONS EQUILIBRIUM EXCHANGE RATE EXOGENOUS VARIABLES EXPLOITATION EXPORT GROWTH EXPORTS FELLING FOREST FOREST CONSERVATION FOREST DEPLETION FOREST EXPLOITATION FOREST PRODUCT FOREST PRODUCTS FOREST RESOURCE FOREST RESOURCE USE FOREST RESOURCES FORESTS FUELWOOD GNP PER CAPITA INCOME INFLATION INFLATION RATE INFLATION RATES INTEREST GROUPS INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAND CLEARING LOGGING NATURAL RESOURCE NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT NATURAL RESOURCE USE NATURAL RESOURCES NET IMPORTS OIL OIL PRICES POLES POPULATION GROWTH POSITIVE EFFECTS PRICE CHANGES PRICE CONTROLS PRICE ELASTICITIES PRODUCT MARKETS PRODUCTIVE ASSETS PRODUCTIVITY PUBLIC EXPENDITURES PULP PULPWOOD QUOTAS REAL GNP REAL INCOME REAL INTEREST RATE RESOURCE USE ROUNDWOOD SAWLOGS SAWNWOOD STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TERMS OF TRADE TIMBER TIMBER PRODUCTS TIMBER TRADE TRADE LIBERALIZATION TREES VALUE ADDED VENEER WOOD WOOD PARTICLES WOOD PROCESSING WOOD PRODUCTS WOOD RESIDUES Over two decades, the World Bank has undertaken many structural adjustment operations with governments of developing countries. During negotiations for structural adjustment loans (SALs), partner governments agree to specific policy reforms, whose implementation becomes a condition for disbursement of SAL funds. Conditionality varies with local circumstances, but generally supports privatization of state enterprises, liberalization of the domestic economy, and openness in international trade. Structural adjustment operations have often been controversial because they are explicitly political. Opposition, or support reflects ideological perspectives, perceptions of who gains, and who loses economically from a SAL, or beliefs about its environmental, and social impacts. Environmental groups express particular concern about SALs' impacts on the rate of deforestation. Debate about adjustment, and deforestation has been fueled largely by anecdotes, and a few country cases bases on limited time-series data. The authors broaden the analysis by combining a complete record of Bank SAL operations, with a 38-year socioeconomic database for 112 developing countries. They find that adjustment has greatly affected imports, exports, consumption, and production in many forest products sectors (such as fuel-wood, sawn-wood, panels, pulp, and paper). Some activities have increased, and some declined, but overall, the effects have balanced each other. The net impact on domestic round-wood production, the authors' proxy for forest exploitation, has been almost exactly zero. Their results suggest that growth in round-wood production is explained well by population growth, urbanization, and world demand for forest products. Their findings suggest that adjustment has not promoted domestic deforestation, but it has increased net imports of wood products, implying some displacement of pressure onto other countries' forest resources. They also find that devaluations have significantly increased the exploitation of forest resources. 2014-08-26T15:38:07Z 2014-08-26T15:38:07Z 2001-04 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2001/04/1089563/structural-adjustment-forest-resources-impact-world-bank-operations http://hdl.handle.net/10986/19678 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No. 2584 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research |
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Bibliográfico |
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English en_US |
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AGRICULTURE ANNUAL OBSERVATIONS BANS BARK BIODIVERSITY BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION CHARCOAL COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK CONDITIONALITY CONSUMPTION LEVELS CONSUMPTION TIME DEBT DEFORESTATION DEVALUATION DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DOMESTIC WOOD DOMESTIC WOOD PROCESSING ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ECONOMIC WELFARE ELASTICITIES ELASTICITY EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPIRICAL RESEARCH EMPLOYMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION EQUATIONS EQUILIBRIUM EXCHANGE RATE EXOGENOUS VARIABLES EXPLOITATION EXPORT GROWTH EXPORTS FELLING FOREST FOREST CONSERVATION FOREST DEPLETION FOREST EXPLOITATION FOREST PRODUCT FOREST PRODUCTS FOREST RESOURCE FOREST RESOURCE USE FOREST RESOURCES FORESTS FUELWOOD GNP PER CAPITA INCOME INFLATION INFLATION RATE INFLATION RATES INTEREST GROUPS INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAND CLEARING LOGGING NATURAL RESOURCE NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT NATURAL RESOURCE USE NATURAL RESOURCES NET IMPORTS OIL OIL PRICES POLES POPULATION GROWTH POSITIVE EFFECTS PRICE CHANGES PRICE CONTROLS PRICE ELASTICITIES PRODUCT MARKETS PRODUCTIVE ASSETS PRODUCTIVITY PUBLIC EXPENDITURES PULP PULPWOOD QUOTAS REAL GNP REAL INCOME REAL INTEREST RATE RESOURCE USE ROUNDWOOD SAWLOGS SAWNWOOD STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TERMS OF TRADE TIMBER TIMBER PRODUCTS TIMBER TRADE TRADE LIBERALIZATION TREES VALUE ADDED VENEER WOOD WOOD PARTICLES WOOD PROCESSING WOOD PRODUCTS WOOD RESIDUES AGRICULTURE ANNUAL OBSERVATIONS BANS BARK BIODIVERSITY BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION CHARCOAL COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK CONDITIONALITY CONSUMPTION LEVELS CONSUMPTION TIME DEBT DEFORESTATION DEVALUATION DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DOMESTIC WOOD DOMESTIC WOOD PROCESSING ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ECONOMIC WELFARE ELASTICITIES ELASTICITY EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPIRICAL RESEARCH EMPLOYMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION EQUATIONS EQUILIBRIUM EXCHANGE RATE EXOGENOUS VARIABLES EXPLOITATION EXPORT GROWTH EXPORTS FELLING FOREST FOREST CONSERVATION FOREST DEPLETION FOREST EXPLOITATION FOREST PRODUCT FOREST PRODUCTS FOREST RESOURCE FOREST RESOURCE USE FOREST RESOURCES FORESTS FUELWOOD GNP PER CAPITA INCOME INFLATION INFLATION RATE INFLATION RATES INTEREST GROUPS INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAND CLEARING LOGGING NATURAL RESOURCE NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT NATURAL RESOURCE USE NATURAL RESOURCES NET IMPORTS OIL OIL PRICES POLES POPULATION GROWTH POSITIVE EFFECTS PRICE CHANGES PRICE CONTROLS PRICE ELASTICITIES PRODUCT MARKETS PRODUCTIVE ASSETS PRODUCTIVITY PUBLIC EXPENDITURES PULP PULPWOOD QUOTAS REAL GNP REAL INCOME REAL INTEREST RATE RESOURCE USE ROUNDWOOD SAWLOGS SAWNWOOD STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TERMS OF TRADE TIMBER TIMBER PRODUCTS TIMBER TRADE TRADE LIBERALIZATION TREES VALUE ADDED VENEER WOOD WOOD PARTICLES WOOD PROCESSING WOOD PRODUCTS WOOD RESIDUES |
| spellingShingle |
AGRICULTURE ANNUAL OBSERVATIONS BANS BARK BIODIVERSITY BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION CHARCOAL COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK CONDITIONALITY CONSUMPTION LEVELS CONSUMPTION TIME DEBT DEFORESTATION DEVALUATION DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DOMESTIC WOOD DOMESTIC WOOD PROCESSING ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ECONOMIC WELFARE ELASTICITIES ELASTICITY EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPIRICAL RESEARCH EMPLOYMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION EQUATIONS EQUILIBRIUM EXCHANGE RATE EXOGENOUS VARIABLES EXPLOITATION EXPORT GROWTH EXPORTS FELLING FOREST FOREST CONSERVATION FOREST DEPLETION FOREST EXPLOITATION FOREST PRODUCT FOREST PRODUCTS FOREST RESOURCE FOREST RESOURCE USE FOREST RESOURCES FORESTS FUELWOOD GNP PER CAPITA INCOME INFLATION INFLATION RATE INFLATION RATES INTEREST GROUPS INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAND CLEARING LOGGING NATURAL RESOURCE NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT NATURAL RESOURCE USE NATURAL RESOURCES NET IMPORTS OIL OIL PRICES POLES POPULATION GROWTH POSITIVE EFFECTS PRICE CHANGES PRICE CONTROLS PRICE ELASTICITIES PRODUCT MARKETS PRODUCTIVE ASSETS PRODUCTIVITY PUBLIC EXPENDITURES PULP PULPWOOD QUOTAS REAL GNP REAL INCOME REAL INTEREST RATE RESOURCE USE ROUNDWOOD SAWLOGS SAWNWOOD STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TERMS OF TRADE TIMBER TIMBER PRODUCTS TIMBER TRADE TRADE LIBERALIZATION TREES VALUE ADDED VENEER WOOD WOOD PARTICLES WOOD PROCESSING WOOD PRODUCTS WOOD RESIDUES AGRICULTURE ANNUAL OBSERVATIONS BANS BARK BIODIVERSITY BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION CHARCOAL COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK CONDITIONALITY CONSUMPTION LEVELS CONSUMPTION TIME DEBT DEFORESTATION DEVALUATION DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DOMESTIC WOOD DOMESTIC WOOD PROCESSING ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ECONOMIC WELFARE ELASTICITIES ELASTICITY EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPIRICAL RESEARCH EMPLOYMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION EQUATIONS EQUILIBRIUM EXCHANGE RATE EXOGENOUS VARIABLES EXPLOITATION EXPORT GROWTH EXPORTS FELLING FOREST FOREST CONSERVATION FOREST DEPLETION FOREST EXPLOITATION FOREST PRODUCT FOREST PRODUCTS FOREST RESOURCE FOREST RESOURCE USE FOREST RESOURCES FORESTS FUELWOOD GNP PER CAPITA INCOME INFLATION INFLATION RATE INFLATION RATES INTEREST GROUPS INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAND CLEARING LOGGING NATURAL RESOURCE NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT NATURAL RESOURCE USE NATURAL RESOURCES NET IMPORTS OIL OIL PRICES POLES POPULATION GROWTH POSITIVE EFFECTS PRICE CHANGES PRICE CONTROLS PRICE ELASTICITIES PRODUCT MARKETS PRODUCTIVE ASSETS PRODUCTIVITY PUBLIC EXPENDITURES PULP PULPWOOD QUOTAS REAL GNP REAL INCOME REAL INTEREST RATE RESOURCE USE ROUNDWOOD SAWLOGS SAWNWOOD STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TERMS OF TRADE TIMBER TIMBER PRODUCTS TIMBER TRADE TRADE LIBERALIZATION TREES VALUE ADDED VENEER WOOD WOOD PARTICLES WOOD PROCESSING WOOD PRODUCTS WOOD RESIDUES Pandey, Kiran D. Wheeler, David Structural Adjustment and Forest Resources : The Impact of World Bank Operations |
| description |
Over two decades, the World Bank has
undertaken many structural adjustment operations with
governments of developing countries. During negotiations for
structural adjustment loans (SALs), partner governments
agree to specific policy reforms, whose implementation
becomes a condition for disbursement of SAL funds.
Conditionality varies with local circumstances, but
generally supports privatization of state enterprises,
liberalization of the domestic economy, and openness in
international trade. Structural adjustment operations have
often been controversial because they are explicitly
political. Opposition, or support reflects ideological
perspectives, perceptions of who gains, and who loses
economically from a SAL, or beliefs about its environmental,
and social impacts. Environmental groups express particular
concern about SALs' impacts on the rate of
deforestation. Debate about adjustment, and deforestation
has been fueled largely by anecdotes, and a few country
cases bases on limited time-series data. The authors broaden
the analysis by combining a complete record of Bank SAL
operations, with a 38-year socioeconomic database for 112
developing countries. They find that adjustment has greatly
affected imports, exports, consumption, and production in
many forest products sectors (such as fuel-wood, sawn-wood,
panels, pulp, and paper). Some activities have increased,
and some declined, but overall, the effects have balanced
each other. The net impact on domestic round-wood
production, the authors' proxy for forest exploitation,
has been almost exactly zero. Their results suggest that
growth in round-wood production is explained well by
population growth, urbanization, and world demand for forest
products. Their findings suggest that adjustment has not
promoted domestic deforestation, but it has increased net
imports of wood products, implying some displacement of
pressure onto other countries' forest resources. They
also find that devaluations have significantly increased the
exploitation of forest resources. |
| format |
Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper |
| topic_facet |
AGRICULTURE ANNUAL OBSERVATIONS BANS BARK BIODIVERSITY BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION CHARCOAL COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK CONDITIONALITY CONSUMPTION LEVELS CONSUMPTION TIME DEBT DEFORESTATION DEVALUATION DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DOMESTIC WOOD DOMESTIC WOOD PROCESSING ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ECONOMIC WELFARE ELASTICITIES ELASTICITY EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPIRICAL RESEARCH EMPLOYMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION EQUATIONS EQUILIBRIUM EXCHANGE RATE EXOGENOUS VARIABLES EXPLOITATION EXPORT GROWTH EXPORTS FELLING FOREST FOREST CONSERVATION FOREST DEPLETION FOREST EXPLOITATION FOREST PRODUCT FOREST PRODUCTS FOREST RESOURCE FOREST RESOURCE USE FOREST RESOURCES FORESTS FUELWOOD GNP PER CAPITA INCOME INFLATION INFLATION RATE INFLATION RATES INTEREST GROUPS INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAND CLEARING LOGGING NATURAL RESOURCE NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT NATURAL RESOURCE USE NATURAL RESOURCES NET IMPORTS OIL OIL PRICES POLES POPULATION GROWTH POSITIVE EFFECTS PRICE CHANGES PRICE CONTROLS PRICE ELASTICITIES PRODUCT MARKETS PRODUCTIVE ASSETS PRODUCTIVITY PUBLIC EXPENDITURES PULP PULPWOOD QUOTAS REAL GNP REAL INCOME REAL INTEREST RATE RESOURCE USE ROUNDWOOD SAWLOGS SAWNWOOD STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TERMS OF TRADE TIMBER TIMBER PRODUCTS TIMBER TRADE TRADE LIBERALIZATION TREES VALUE ADDED VENEER WOOD WOOD PARTICLES WOOD PROCESSING WOOD PRODUCTS WOOD RESIDUES |
| author |
Pandey, Kiran D. Wheeler, David |
| author_facet |
Pandey, Kiran D. Wheeler, David |
| author_sort |
Pandey, Kiran D. |
| title |
Structural Adjustment and Forest Resources : The Impact of World Bank Operations |
| title_short |
Structural Adjustment and Forest Resources : The Impact of World Bank Operations |
| title_full |
Structural Adjustment and Forest Resources : The Impact of World Bank Operations |
| title_fullStr |
Structural Adjustment and Forest Resources : The Impact of World Bank Operations |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Structural Adjustment and Forest Resources : The Impact of World Bank Operations |
| title_sort |
structural adjustment and forest resources : the impact of world bank operations |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2001-04 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2001/04/1089563/structural-adjustment-forest-resources-impact-world-bank-operations http://hdl.handle.net/10986/19678 |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT pandeykirand structuraladjustmentandforestresourcestheimpactofworldbankoperations AT wheelerdavid structuraladjustmentandforestresourcestheimpactofworldbankoperations |
| _version_ |
1756573515604033536 |